Fort Bourtange is one of the most famous fortresses in the Netherlands. It played a significant role during the Eighty Years’ War in the 16th century when the Dutch revolted against the Spanish occupation. It’s also known for its five-pointed star shape, a military design that quickly became popular in the Netherlands – other star-shaped fortress towns in the Netherlands include Naarden Vesting and Heusden.
Fort Bourtange seen from the air (image by Wikimedia Commons)
Located in the province of Groningen (map) in northern Netherlands, a few kilometers from the German border, Fort Bourtange stands as a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of 16th century Dutch military engineering. This star-shaped fortress, with its symmetrical bastions and moats, is nowadays a fascinating place to visit. Inside the Fort Bourtange, visitors will find a village with charming cobblestone streets, museums and cafés, making a visit more than worthwhile. It’s even possible to spend a night in the village.
The charming village 
View towards the windmill
A brief history of Fort Bourtange
Fort Bourtange was constructed in 1593 during the Eighty Years’ War, a conflict between the Dutch and the Spanish that spanned from 1568 to 1648. The fort was commissioned by William the Silent, the leader of the Dutch Revolt, to control the only road between Germany and the city of Groningen, which was then occupied by Spanish forces. The strategic importance of Bourtange lay in its location; controlling this road meant cutting off Spanish supply lines and facilitating Dutch control over the region.
Several bridges cross the moats
Designed by the renowned military engineer Menno van Coehoorn, Fort Bourtange’s star shape was a revolutionary design in military fortifications. This configuration allowed defenders to cover all approaches to the fort, making it nearly impregnable to attackers of the time. The surrounding swamps also played a key role in the fortress’s defense.
Fort Bourtange saw its first significant action in 1594, shortly after its completion. In a decisive battle, Dutch forces used the fort to successfully repel Spanish troops. This led to the recapture of Groningen and a critical shift in control during the Eighty Years’ War. The fort’s robust design and strategic location continued to serve the Dutch well into the 17th century, playing a pivotal role in various military engagements.
Cannons line the walls
During the Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678), the fort once again proved its worth. In 1672, Bourtange successfully withstood a siege by the forces of the Prince-Bishop of Münster, one of the allies of King Louis XIV of France. This victory underscored the fort’s defensive capabilities and its importance in protecting the northern provinces of the Netherlands.
Decline and restoration
By the late 18th century, advancements in military technology and changes in warfare led to the decline of traditional star forts like Bourtange. The fort was eventually decommissioned in 1851. The fortress was transformed into a village and the surrounding marshes were converted into agricultural land.
Sheep grazing on the outer defense walls
However, the historical significance of Fort Bourtange was not forgotten. In the 1960s, efforts began to restore the fort. The restoration project, completed in 1992, meticulously reconstructed the fort’s defenses, buildings and interior, based on historical records and archaeological findings. Today, Fort Bourtange stands as a living museum, offering a fascinating window into the past.
Visitors to Fort Bourtange can immerse themselves in its rich history and explore the various aspects of 17th-century military life. The fort’s meticulously reconstructed bastions, barracks, cannons and toilets (!) provide a vivid picture of its defensive capabilities. The museums within the fort offer extensive exhibits detailing its history, including artifacts, documents, and interactive displays.
Market square with its cafés and shops 
Gorgeous whitewashed houses at the market square
There are several small hotels and B&B’s in the village, making it possible for visitors to spend a night or two in these charming surrounds.
A walk around the village
Walking through the cobblestone streets of the fort, visitors can explore the picturesque village that has grown within its walls. The traditional buildings, some of which house shops, art galleries and cafes, add to the charm and authenticity of the experience.
The main street from the entrance gate to the market square. The synagogue is on the right. 
I loved the quiet streets and cute houses 
There are numerous artisanal shops in the village
The top sights in the village include the gorgeous market square, windmill, gunpowder storage house (old and new), synagogue and the captain’s house.
The windmill 
The old gunpowder storage house 
Inside the captain’s house
You can also visit the Terra Mora museum which highlights the history of the fortress and the surrounding marshlands. Another museum, De Baracquen, houses artifacts found during restoration works.
Walk atop the fortress walls
My favourite thing to do in Fort Bourtange was stroll along the fortress walls. From here, I had marvellous views of the village on one side, and the moats and fields outside the walls. Visitors can also have a peek inside the toilets.
Walk atop the walls for views of the moat 
Have a peek inside one of the old toilet facilities
Special events, such as historical reenactments, bring the fort’s history to life – every June, the Battle of Bourtange is recreated, the largest reenactment in the Netherlands – allowing visitors to witness battles, drills, and daily life as it might have been centuries ago.
Re-enactment of the Battle of Bourtange (image by D.Jans/Unsplash)
A symbol of resilience
To the Dutch, Fort Bourtange is more than just a historical site. It represents the determination of the Dutch people to defend their land and secure their independence. The fort is a reminder of the strategic and architectural prowess that played a crucial role in shaping the history of the Netherlands.
View from the walls towards the village and windmill
A visit to Fort Bourtange is a journey through some of the pivotal moments of Dutch history. Personally, I found it fascinating to learn about the fort’s design; an intersection between military strategy and architectural innovation. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a student of (military) architecture, or simply a traveller seeking a unique cultural experience, Fort Bourtange offers a captivating and enriching visit.
How to get to Fort Bourtange
Fort Bourtange is about a 3-hour drive from Amsterdam, and a 1-hour drive from Groningen (city). Getting there by public transport from either Amsterdam or Groningen involves a lengthy journey and various changes. Parking is free. Visitors are required to purchase an entrance ticket. It’s a short walk (400m) to the village from the parking area.
Visitor centre
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